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New Report Advises On How To Reduce Health Inequalities, UK
A new report, "The Intelligent Board 2009: Commissioning to reduce inequalities", produced by an independent reference group of experts, encourages Primary Care Trust (PCT) Boards to review their understanding of health inequalities in their communities so that they can be addressed.
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Senate GOP Could Use Procedural Tactics To Delay Sotomayor Hearings
Senate Minority Whip Jon Kyl (R-Ariz.), a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, on Thursday said that the GOP has not ruled out the use of procedural tactics, such as a Republican boycott, to attempt to delay Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor"s confirmation hearing, Roll Call reports. Republicans have complained that the scheduled July 13 start date for the hearing does not give them enough time to review Sotomayor"s record. Kyl said that Republicans will try to negotiate with Senate Judiciary Committee Chair Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) for more time if they feel they cannot meet the July 13 deadline (Stanton, Roll Call, 6/11). Leahy said that Sotomayor is entitled to be confirmed on the same timetable as Chief Justice John Roberts, who appeared before the Judiciary Committee less than two months after his nomination (Kivlan, CongressDaily, 6/11).Republican Senate aides say Judiciary Committee ranking member Jeff Sessions (R-Ala.) is not likely to make a final decision for several weeks on whether the GOP will try to delay the nomination. According to Roll Call, Sessions has sought to approach the issue "in a careful, measured way," though he has been critical of some of Sotomayor"s public statements. Roll Call reports that Republicans are apt to display an impartial stance on Sotomayor until the hearing starts, meaning that they likely will delay a decision on whether to stall the nomination until the last minute (Roll Call, 6/11).Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) said that Republican senators are stalling to give conservative groups more time to organize a campaign against Sotomayor that they hope will taint her nomination. Feinstein said that there are "groups out there who need more time for attacks and sound bites." She added, "This is a woman who is qualified, who is brilliant, and who worked her way up" (CongressDaily, 6/11).
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Psychotherapy Of Depression Changes Biological Parameters?
A group of German investigators demonstrated that the early increase in phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) is related to treatment response and does not depend on pharmacological interventions or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plasma levels. For the first time, cellular biological markers could be associated with response to psychotherapy.
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Prostate Cancer 'Homing Device' For Drug Delivery Created By Purdue Researchers

A new prostate cancer "homing device" could improve detection and allow for the first targeted treatment of the disease. A team of Purdue University researchers has synthesized a molecule that finds and penetrates prostate cancer cells and has created imaging agents and therapeutic drugs that can link to the molecule and be carried with it as cargo. A radioimaging application used for body scans is expected to enter clinical trials this fall, and an optical imaging application used to measure prostate cancer cells in blood samples is already in clinical trials. Philip Low, the Ralph C. Corley Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry who led the team, said a targeted treatment could be much more effective in treating cancer and would greatly reduce the harmful side effects associated with current treatments. "Currently none of the drugs available to treat prostate cancer are targeted, which means they go everywhere in the body as opposed to only the tumor, and so are quite toxic for the patient," said Low, who is a member of the Purdue Cancer Center. "By being able to target only the cancer cells, we could eliminate toxic side effects of treatments. In addition, the ability to target only the cancer cells can greatly improve imaging of the cancer to diagnose the disease, determine if it has spread or is responding to treatment." Prostate cancer is the most common cancer, other than skin cancers, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, according to the American Cancer Society. It is estimated that about 192,280 new cases will be diagnosed and 27,360 men will die of prostate cancer in the United States this year. The molecule Low"s team created attaches to prostate-specific membrane antigen, or PSMA, a protein that is found on the membrane of more than 90 percent of all prostate cancers. It also is found on the blood vessels of most solid tumors and could provide a way to cut off the tumor blood supply, Low said. "A lot of new drugs are being designed to destroy the vasculature of solid tumors, and, if they could be linked to this new targeting molecule, we could have a two-pronged attack for prostate cancer," he said. "We could not only kill the prostate cancer cells directly, we could also destroy the vasculature that feeds the tumors." There also is potential for the targeting molecule to be used to attack the vasculature of solid tumors of other types of cancers, Low said. Two papers detailing the work of the Purdue team were published in the June 1 issue of Molecular Pharmaceutics. Endocyte Inc. funded the work. The team"s animal study data shows an ability to eliminate human prostate cancer cells in mice with no evidence of collateral toxicity in normal tissue. Sumith Kularatne, a graduate student in Purdue"s chemistry department and first author of both papers, compared the targeting molecule to a homing device. "The molecule acts like a homing device for prostate cancer," he said. "PSMA, which is found only on prostate cancer cells and tumor blood vessels, acts as the homing signal that the molecule targets. The molecule and its cargo go only to cancerous tissue, leaving healthy tissue unharmed." Once the molecule reaches the PSMA protein, it binds to it. The molecule is designed with a specific shape that fits with the protein like a key to a lock, Kularatne said. The molecule and its cargo are then carried inside the cell with the protein as it goes through its normal cycle. In 1995 Low developed a similar method to infiltrate cancer cells by attaching treatments to the vitamin folate, which many cancers rapidly consume. This method provided a "Trojan Horse" entry of large treatment molecules that otherwise would not be able to enter cancer cells. Low was inspired to find a similar way to target prostate cancer, which does not have the same appetite for folate, he said. A clinical trial of the radioimaging application is expected to begin at the Indiana University Medical Center in the fall through a collaboration between the Purdue Cancer Center and the Indiana University Cancer Center with additional support from Endocyte Inc. A radioimaging agent linked to the targeting molecule will be injected into prostate cancer patients and pictures will be taken using a special camera that detects radioactivity. The pictures show where the cancer is present to help doctors determine if it has metastasized, or spread, to any other areas of the body. It also will help doctors decide on the best course of treatment, Low said. There is currently only one radioimaging agent for prostate cancer approved by the Food and Drug Administration. "The current imaging capabilities available for prostate cancer are very poor," Low said. "The existing imaging agent is limited because of its large size, which is difficult to get into a solid tumor. Also it seeks out a target located inside the cancer cell and is only able to mark injured cells that are falling apart as opposed to actively growing cancer cells." The targeting molecule and radioimaging agent combination designed by Low"s group is more than 150 times smaller than the existing agent and has much easier penetration through a solid tumor to reach all of the cells inside, he said. It also has the advantage of targeting an area of PSMA exposed on the outside of cancer cells. Already in clinical trials is an optical imaging application that involves attaching a fluorescent dye to the targeting molecule and mixing it with a patient"s blood sample. Circulating prostate cancer cells in the sample fluoresce and are easily measured to help in diagnosing patients with prostate cancer. Researchers also are investigating whether this could be used to evaluate a patient"s response to therapy, Low said. Low"s research group modeled the targeting molecule after a naturally occurring molecule that strongly binds to PSMA, called DUPA. Several alterations were necessary to create a molecule that fit the needs of a homing device and delivery vehicle, Kularatne said. The team created an area on the molecule that would link to various imaging or therapeutic agents to bring them along as cargo and created a spacer that would stretch the molecule so that its cargo would not keep it from properly fitting into the binding site. The spacer also was designed to improve binding of the targeting molecule to PSMA. In addition to Low and Kularatne, co-authors of the papers include Endocyte researchers Kevin Wang and Hari-Krishna R. Santhapuram, graduate student in medicinal chemistry Zhigang Zhou, graduate student in chemistry Jun Yang, and professor of medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology Carol B. Post. Low is the chief science officer for Endocyte, a Purdue Research Park-based company that develops receptor-targeted therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Endocyte holds the license to many of Low"s drug-targeting technologies. Writer: Elizabeth K. Gardner Elizabeth K. Gardner Purdue University


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